Aged neurons also show decreased store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), a Ca 2+ entry pathway related to memory storage. Ca 2+ transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria is also enhanced. In vitro aged neurons show increased resting cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration, enhanced Ca 2+ store content, and Ca 2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These in vitro changes are associated with the remodeling of intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis with aging, thus providing a simplistic model for investigating Ca 2+ remodeling in aging. Recent evidence indicates that long-term cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, resembling aged neurons, undergo cell death after treatment with Aβo, whereas short-term cultures, resembling young neurons, do not. Intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis plays an important role in the control of neuronal activity, including neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and memory storage, as well as neuron cell death. AD is related to an excess of neurotoxic oligomers of amyloid β peptide (Aβo) however, the molecular mechanisms are still highly controversial. It is also the most important risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.Īging is often associated with a cognitive decline and a susceptibility to neuronal damage. PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms.You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.Here, we review representative bioinformatics methods published in the past five years to define major current approaches to the understanding of AMR mechanisms, prediction of AMR, and the potential for clinical application. New high-throughput technologies have enabled unbiased insights into the functional genomics of pathogens and their strategies to counter the action of antimicrobials. The search both for more efficient treatments and for new classes of antibiotics requires a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and AMR. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health concern worldwide.
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